Norway

Broadband UV measurements in Norway may be dated back to 1965 at the University of Bergen. These measurements have continued since then. The first spectral UV measurements were made in 1966 in NY Alesund, Spistburgen. Since the early 80's there has been a steady growth in UV measurement activities which currently involves underwater and surface measurements by broadband and spectral radiometers. Norway actively participates in NOG (the Nordic Ozone Group) which coordinates research activities on ozone and ultra-violet radiation in the scandinavian countries. Norway has a very active theoretical modeling and monitoring program with a wide variety of investigators and activities. Norway is particularly active in international activities, including setting up monitoring stations in other countries. The most ambitious of these activities includes setting up a network of GUV-511s in Chile, South America, as well as in their own country.

Norwegian UV-network:

In 1994, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Enivironment joined forces to estalish a UV-monitoring network. The network is administered by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Association (NRPA) and the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT), the latter through the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. The purpose is to obtain data of high scientific quality, to be used in further assessments related to health and environmental issues. The network is operated by NPRA and NILU.

Locations:

Seven inland and coastal locations were selected, spanning latitudes fro 58N to 79N. In 1999 a new station was added, serving as a central calibration site for the network. The station in Tromso that had been operating since 1995 was five years later moved to Andoya. In 2003 the network was further extended with an alpine station located 1200 meters above sea level. In total, UV-monitoring is conducted at nine network locations:

Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, 78.54N 11.83E, elevation 15m. Operating since July 1995.
Tromsø, 69.65N 18.93E, elevation 110m. Operating July 1995 to December 1999.
Andøya, 69.28N 16.01E, altitude 380m. Operating since March 2000.
Trondheim,63.42N 10.38E, elevation 50m. Operating since January 1996.
Bergen, 60.38N 5.33E, elevation 45m. Operating since February 1996.
Kise, 60.78N 10.82E, elevation 118m. Operating since January 1996.
Blindern, 59.92N 10.72E, elevation 90m. Operating since January 1995.
Østerås, 59.92N 10.72E, elevation 100m. Operating since March 1999.
Landvik, 58.33N 8.52E. elevation 5m. Operating since January 1996.
Finse, 60.58N 7.57E, elevation 1200m. Operating since March 2003.

Instrumentation:

The UV network consists of 12 multiband filterradiometers (MBFR), model GUV-541 and GUV-511 from Biospherical Instruments Inc., in addition to a double-grating spectroradiometer model DM150BC from Bentham Instruments Ltd. The spectroradiometer and nine of the MBFR instruments are continuously operating at the network locations, whereas the rest serve as calibration transfer standards and backup. The instruments and front optics are temperature stabilized and weatherproof. The MBFRs record spectral irradiance within five wavelength bands with bandwidths of approximately 10nm. By combining the measurements from different wavelength bands, erythemally effective UVR, as well as total ozone and UVA cloud optical depth may be derived (Arne Dahlback, University of Oslo).

Remote access and precessing of UV data:

PCs connected to the local MBFRs record spectral irradiance for each detector channel at one-minute intervals. Several times a day, measurement data is transferred automatically to and between fileservers at NILU and NRPA. In the same operation, the local PC clocks get synchronised with a time server. A SQL database at NRPA stores data in a structured and easily accessible form, keeping hold of instrument-specific calibration factors. The database is updated automatically and erythemally effective UV-doses and UV-indices processed and corrected as soon the raw data has been transferred. A website connected to the database (http://uvnett.nrpa.no/uv/ and http://www.uv-info.no/ ),provides near- realtime presentation of UV measurements for each network location, as well as providing health relevant information to the public. UV-forecasts are currently provided by NILU (http://www.luftkvalitet.info/ ), which also provides presentation of mesurement results for UV, ozone and air pollutans. There are plans to implement a new UV-forecasting service for the public which includes forecasts for the weather situtation.

QA/QC procedures:

Instruments are daily or weekly inspected and have the front optic cleaned by the station hosts. In case of failure, local assistance may help sorting out the problems or help to install back-up PCs and instrument parts. Near-realtime download of measurement data and presentation on the web allows early detection of problems with operation or data transfer.

Before deployment of instruments at the network locations, a solar intercomparison of measurement results were arranged in 1995 in Oslo http://www.nrpa.no/dokumentarkiv/Stralevernrappot1997_7.pdf . The intercomparison showed close internal agreement when calibration factors provided by the manufacturer were applied. The reference instruments for the network have participated in two international instrument intercomparisons (NOGIC-1996 and NOGIC-2000) arranged by the Nordic Ozone Group. The national UV network has adopted a common Nordic irradiance scale that is based on the NOGIC-2000 results.

Each MBFR has been characterised with respect on spectral and angular response functions, applying central calibration facilities at NRPA. Two MBFR serves as travelling transfer standard instruments, operating side by side the network instruments for a period every summer. By this mean the relative change in instrument responses may be derived and corrections applied. The relative change in responses for the transfer standards are determined from measurements towards stable 1kW QTH lamps and from solar intercomparisons with a reference spectroradiometer. Once a year one of the transfer standards are shipped to the manufacturer for an independent evaluation.

In 2005, ten years after the deployment, a new instrument intercomparison will be held in Oslo to verify that the QC program has maintained a consistent and stable calibration scale for the period of operation.

Access to UV measurements:

UV data for the UV monitoring program may be accessed by contacting NRPA ( responsible for operation in Trondheim, Finse, Kise, Bergen, Landvik, Østerås) and by contacting NILU (responsible for operation in Ny-Ålesund, Andøya/Tromsø and Blindern). The database at NRPA serves as an efficient tool for downloading quality controlled data and results for all stations. For access to UV measurements that are not integrated in the national UV monitoring program, please contact the institution responisble for these measurements.

Contact Information:

Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA)
Bjørn Johnsen
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority
P.O.B. 55
NO-1332 Østerås
Norway
Phone: +47-67162500
Fax: +47-67167407
Bjorn.Johnsen@NRPA.No
www.nrpa.no
www.uv-info.no/
www.uvnet.nrpa.no

Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)
Kåre Edvardsen
Polar Environmental Centre
Tromsø
Norway
Phone : 47 77 75 03 90
Fax : +47 77 75 03 76
ked@nilu.no
www.luftkvalitet.info

Britt Ann Høiskar
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
P.O.Box 100,
NO-2027 Kjeller
Norway
Phone: +4763 89 80 00
Fax: +47 63 89 80 50
bak@nilu.no
www.luftkvalite.info

University of Oslo
Arne Dahlback
Department of Physics
University of Oslo
P.O.B. 1048 Blindern
NO-0316 Oslo
Norway
Phone: +47 22855657
Fax : +47 22855671
arne.dahlback@fys.uio.no
www.fys.uio.no/plasma/ozone/welcome.htm

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Berit Kjeldstad
Department of Physics
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Phone: +47 73591995
Fax: +47 73597710
Berit.Kjeldstad@phys.ntnu.no

Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI),
Jon-Borre Oerbaek
Norwegian Polar Institute
P.O.Box 505
NO-9171 Longyearbyen
Svalbard
Phone: +47 79022600 / 2621
Fax: +47 79022604
orbak@npolar.no
www.npolar.no

University of Bergen
Jan Asle Olseth
Geophysical Institute
University of Bergen
Allegaten 70
NO-5020 Bergen
Norway
Phone: +47 55582892
Fax : +47 55589883
jan.asle.olseth@gfi.uib.no
www.gfi.uib.no/index_e.html

Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NLH)
Arne Auen Grimenes
POB. 5003 IMT
NO-1432 Ås
Norway
Phone: 47.64948810
Fax : 47.64947500
arbegrimenes@nlh.no
www.nlh.no/?avd=3&soraas=true

Instruments in Norway
Organization	Instruments	Network	Station Name	Nearest Town	Lat/Lon	Installed
NRPA	Solar Light-501	national	Finse Alpine Research Station	Bergen	60.58N, 7.57E	Apr. 1992
NRPA	Biospeherical GUV541	national	Finse Alpine Research Station	Bergen	60.58N, 7.57E	Mar. 2003
NRPA	Biospeherical GUV541	national	Kise	Oslo	60.77N, 10.81E	Jan. 1995
NRPA	Biospeherical GUV541	national	Landvik	Oslo	58.33N, 8.52E	Jan. 1996
NRPA	Biospeherical GUV541	national	Osteras	Oslo	59.92N, 10.75E	Mar. 1999
NRPA	Bentham DM 150BC	national	Osteras	Oslo	59.92N, 10.75E	1996
NRPA	Solar Light-501	national	Osteras	Oslo	59.92N, 10.75E	Mar. 1999
NRPA	Biospeherical GUV541	national	Trondheim	Trondheim	63.42N, 10.32E	Jan. 1996
NRPA	Biospeherical GUV541	national	Bergen	Bergen	60.38N, 5.33E	Dec. 1995
NILU	Biospherical GUV 511	national	Alomar	Andenes	69.28N, 16.00E	2000
NILU	Biospherical GUV 511	national	Blindern	Oslo	59.95N, 10.72E	1995
NILU	Biospherical GUV 511	national	Ny-Alesund	Longyearbyen	78.9N, 10.88E	1995
NILU	Biospherical GUV 511	national	Tromso	Tromso	69.65N, 18.93E	1995
University of Oslo	Biospherical GUV 511	national	Blindern	Oslo	59.95N, 10.72E	1995
NPI	Solar Light-501	none	Ny-Alesund	Ny-Alesund	79.0N, 11.83E	1993
NPI	Bentham DM 150	none	Ny-Alesund	Ny-Alesund	79.0N, 11.83E	1998
University of Bergen	Solar Light-501A	none	Bergen	Bergen	60.4N, 5.32E	1995
University of Bergen	Eppley TUVR	none	Bergen	Bergen	60.4N, 5.32E	1995
University of Life Sciences	Broadband	none	As	As	?	1977

Future Plans:
NILU and Statens Straalevern (The Norwegian Radiation Protection Institute ) are in the process of setting up a network of 8 GUV-511s throughout Norway with the proposed sites including: Ny-Aalesund, Spisbergen, Tromsoe, Trondheim, Southern tip of Norway, Bergen, Finse, and an agriculture site between Oslo and Trondheim in addition to the existing GUV-511 in Oslo. These GUV-511s may be slightly different from the standard with a 312 channel instead of the PAR channel.

International:
Arne Dahlbeck is currently setting up a network of GUV-511s in South America.

Notes:
Ms. Berit Kjeldstad, with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, operates a Bentham spectroradiometer, but it has not been used for regular monitoring in two years, however it available on a campaign basis. In addition, a Biospherical GUV-541, a Cimel photometer, and two Microtop sunphotometers are in operation but not recording data. Ancillary data is available from two Eppley pyranometers, one pyroheliometer, and an all sky camera.

NRPA would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Health and Tourism for funding. Much of the data collected is submitted to the Sybase DB at NRPA.
The NILU receives its funding from teh Norwegian Pollution Control Authority. Its data is submitted to the Sybase DB at NRPA.
The University of OSlo is funded by the Ministry of the Environment and the State Pollution Control Authority.
The Norwegian Poar Institute is funded by the Ministry of the Environment.

The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) hosted the MAUVE program to map UV from December 1, 1997 through November 31, 1999.

Compiled by E.C. Weatherhead, Gregory Noonan, and ENV/AREP/WMO.